Transplantation experiments, first in amphibian embryos ( Horstadius, 1950) and later in birds using the now classic quail-chick chimeras pioneered by Le Douarin (1973), have established the pathways followed by neural crest cells and the extensive array of derivatives to which they contribute ( Fig. 1F). Over the past century, much has been learned through experimental embryology about neural crest cell plasticity and its contribution to various derivatives ( Le Douarin and Kalcheim, 1999). (F) The neural crest is multipotent and has the capacity to give rise to diverse cell types, including cells of mesenchymal, neuronal, secretory and pigmented identity. (E) Migratory neural crest cells follow stereotypical pathways to diverse destinations, where they will give rise to distinct derivatives. (D) After specification, the neural crest cells undergo EMT and delaminate from the neural tube. (C) As the neural plate closes to form the neural tube, the neural crest progenitors are specified in the dorsal part of the neural folds. (B) Development of the neural crest begins at the gastrula stage, with the specification of the neural plate border at the edges of the neural plate. The dotted lines delimit the embryonic region represented in cross-section (B-E). (A) Schematic dorsal view of a ten-somite stage chicken embryo, showing the neural crest (green) in the vicinity of the midline. The neural crest is a multipotent cell population.
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