![]() ![]() ![]() While organizational strength and party institutionalization are empirically and conceptually distinguishable, we should expectrelying on the literature on the latterthe time component to be an important factor behind organizational strength ( Harmel and Janda, 1994 Dix, 1992 Harmel, Svasand, and Mjelde, 2016). This is quite surprising, considering that the time and conditions of party existence are essential elements in the processes of party institutionalization ( Panebianco, 1988 Casal Brtoa, 2017 ). In this sense, the influence of time as a multilevel variableduration of democracy and age of partieson party membership, party funding, and organizational strength has not been systematically tested until today in cross-national comparative studies. ![]() However, a few authors have systematically placed politics in time ( Pierson, 2004 ). The findings challenge the traditional view of the exceptional weakness of Latin American parties and point to the importance of time as a multilevel variable: besides the national context, the ancestral party origin in previous regimes have a large impact on organizational strength. The results suggest that parties in established democracies have less members and more money than those of newer democracies.Īmong the latter, the greater capacity for mass mobilization produces stronger partiesas in Latin Americacompared to the Eastern European countries. ![]()
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